Back ألبرتو فوجيموري Arabic البرتو فوجيمورى ARZ Alberto Fujimori AST Alberto Fuximori Azerbaijani Альберта Фухіморы Byelorussian Алберто Фухимори Bulgarian আলবের্তো ফুজিমোরি Bengali/Bangla Alberto Fujimori Catalan Alberto Fujimori Czech Alberto Fujimori Danish

Alberto Fujimori

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Fujimori and the second or maternal family name is Inomoto.
Alberto Fujimori
Fujimori in 1991
54th President of Peru
In office
28 July 1990 – 22 November 2000
Prime Minister
See list
Vice President
See list
Preceded byAlan García
Succeeded byValentín Paniagua
President of the Emergency and National Reconstruction Government
In office
5 April 1992 – 9 January 1993
Preceded byPost established
Succeeded byPost abolished
Personal details
Born
Alberto Fujimori Fujimori[1]

(1938-07-28) 28 July 1938 (age 85)
Miraflores, Lima, Peru
NationalityJapanese-Peruvian
Political partyChange 90 (1990–1998)
Vamos Vecino (1998–2005)
Sí Cumple (2005–2010)
People's New Party (2007–2013)
Other political
affiliations		New Majority (1992–1998, non-affiliated member)
Peru 2000 (1999–2001)
Alliance for the Future (2005–2010)
Change 21 (2018–2019)
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1974; div. 1995)​
Satomi Kataoka
​
(m. 2006)​
Children4, including Keiko and Kenji
RelativesSantiago Fujimori (brother)
EducationNational Agrarian University (BS)
University of Strasbourg
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (MS)
Signature
Criminal information
Criminal statusConvicted[2]
Criminal chargeHuman rights abuses, murder, kidnapping, embezzlement, abuse of power, bribery and corruption
Penalty25 years in prison (Human rights abuses, murder and kidnapping charges)
Six years in prison (Abuse of power charges)
Seven-and-a-half years in prison (Embezzlement charges)
Six years in prison (Corruption and bribery charges)
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Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto[3] (Spanish: [alˈβeɾto fuxiˈmoɾi, – fuʝiˈmoɾi]; born Alberto Fujimori Fujimori; 28 July 1938)[4][5] is a Peruvian former politician, professor and engineer who served as President of Peru from 1990 until his downfall in 2000, though de facto leadership was reportedly held by Vladimiro Montesinos, the then head of the National Intelligence Service.[6][7] Frequently described as a dictator,[8] he remains a controversial figure in Peruvian politics. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison for human rights abuses during his presidency but was released after 16 years on 6 December 2023 following an order by the Constitutional Court of Peru.[9][10]

A Peruvian of Japanese descent,[11] Fujimori studied to be an agricultural engineer, and later obtained a master's degree in mathematics. From 1984 to 1989 he served as rector of the National Agrarian University before winning the presidency in the 1990 Peruvian general election.

In the 1992 Peruvian self-coup, Fujimori dissolved the Congress and assumed full legislative and judicial powers. He changed the constitution and served as a figurehead president under Montesinos and the Peruvian Armed Forces[7][12] and would reportedly adopt Plan Verde – a plan that involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of media in the nation and the establishment of a neoliberal economy controlled by a military junta.[13][14][15][16][17] Fujimori won the presidential elections in 1995 and 2000.

During his tenure, his policies primarily received support from the military, Peru's upper class and international financial institutions, helping him maintain control of Peru.[18] His supporters credit his government with the creation of Fujimorism, defeating the Shining Path insurgency and restoring Peru's macroeconomic stability.[19][20][21][22] Even amid his later prosecution in 2008 for crimes against humanity relating to his presidency, two-thirds of Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period.[23] Neoliberal policies and his political ideology of Fujimorism have influenced the governance of Peru into the present day through a cult of personality.[24]

In 2000, facing charges of corruption and human rights abuses, Fujimori fled Peru and took refuge in Japan.[25][26] He maintained a self-imposed exile until his arrest while visiting Chile in November 2005.[27] He was extradited to face criminal charges in Peru on 22 September 2007.[28] In December 2007, Fujimori was convicted of ordering an illegal search and seizure and was sentenced to six years imprisonment.[29][30][31] The Supreme Court upheld the decision on appeal.[32] In April 2009, Fujimori was convicted of human rights violations and sentenced to 25 years imprisonment for his role in kidnappings and murders by the Grupo Colina death squad during his government's battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s. Specifically, he was found guilty of murder, bodily harm and two cases of kidnapping.[33][34][35][36][37] The verdict marked the first time that an elected head of state has been extradited to his home country, tried, and convicted of human rights violations.

In July 2009, Fujimori was sentenced to 7+1⁄2 years imprisonment for embezzlement after he admitted to giving $15 million from the Peruvian treasury to Montesinos.[38] Two months later, he pleaded guilty in a fourth trial to bribery and received an additional six-year term.[39] Transparency International determined the money embezzled by the Fujimori government – about $600 million or about $861 million in 2021 – to be the seventh-most for a head of government active within 1984–2004.[40][41] Under Peruvian law, all the resultant sentences must run concurrently; thus, the maximum length of imprisonment remained 25 years.[42]

In December 2017, Fujimori was pardoned by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, shortly after Fujimori's son, Congressman Kenji Fujimori, helped President Kuczynski survive an impeachment vote.[43][44] The pardon was overturned by Peru's Supreme Court on 3 October 2018, and Fujimori was sent back to prison in January 2019.[45][46][47] The Constitutional Court of Peru in a 4–3 ruling on 17 March 2022 reinstated the pardon.[48] On 8 April 2022, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights overruled the Constitutional Court and ordered Peru not to release Fujimori.[49] The Constitutional Court ordered on 5 December 2023 that he be immediately released.[50]

His daughter Keiko Fujimori, who is active in Peruvian politics and has run for president several times, has said that she would pardon her father should she be elected.

  1. ^ Alberto Fujimori's Birth Certificate modified by Vladimiro Montesinos to make believe that he was Peruvian and assume the presidency
  2. ^ Released on 5 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Resolución N.° 010303992020". www.gob.pe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  4. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ "Fujimori sacó DNI con fecha falsa sobre su nacimiento". La Republica (in Spanish). 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  6. ^  • McMillan, John; Zoido, Pablo (Autumn 2004). "How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 18 (4): 69. doi:10.1257/0895330042632690. hdl:10419/76612. S2CID 219372153. In the 1990s, Peru was run ... by its secret-police chief, Vladimiro Montesinos Torres.
    • Vargas Llosa, Mario (27 March 1994). "Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023. The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
    • "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it, Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
    • Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times. Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
    • "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
    • "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
  7. ^ a b  • McMillan, John; Zoido, Pablo (Autumn 2004). "How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 18 (4): 69. doi:10.1257/0895330042632690. hdl:10419/76612. S2CID 219372153. In the 1990s, Peru was run ... by its secret-police chief, Vladimiro Montesinos Torres.
    • Vargas Llosa, Mario (27 March 1994). "Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023. The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
    • "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it, Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
    • Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times. Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
    • "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
    • "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
  8. ^  • Burt, Jo-Marie; Youngers, Coletta A. (2010). "Peruvian precedent: the Fujimori conviction and the ongoing struggle for justice". NACLA Report on the Americas. 43 (2): 6. doi:10.1080/10714839.2010.11722203. S2CID 157981443. Peru's vibrant human rights community, which fought tirelessly to confront impunity, end the Fujimori dictatorship
  9. ^ "Peruvian constitutional court orders release of former President Alberto Fujimori". Associated Press. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  10. ^ "Peru's former president Fujimori freed from prison after pardon reinstated". France 24. 7 December 2023. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  11. ^ Fujimori secures Japanese haven Archived 12 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 12 December 2000. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  12. ^ Calderón Bentin, Sebastián (January 2018). "The Politics of Illusion: The Collapse of the Fujimori Regime in Peru". Theatre Survey. 59 (1): 84–107. doi:10.1017/S0040557417000503. S2CID 233360593.
  13. ^ Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 46–47.
  14. ^ Gaussens, Pierre (2020). "The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s". Canadian Journal of Bioethics. 3 (3): 180+. doi:10.7202/1073797ar. S2CID 234586692. a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention
  15. ^ Burt, Jo-Marie (September–October 1998). "Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru". NACLA Report on the Americas. 32 (2). Taylor & Francis: 35–41. doi:10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657. the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.
  16. ^ Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). "Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru". The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power. Lexington Books. pp. 114–118. ISBN 978-0-7391-1358-5. important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan
  17. ^ Avilés, William (Spring 2009). "Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru". Latin American Politics and Society. 51 (1). Cambridge University Press: 57–85. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x. S2CID 154153310.
  18. ^ Mauceri, Philip (Winter 1995). "State reform, coalitions, and the neoliberal 'autogolpe' in Peru". Latin American Research Review. 30 (1): 7–37. doi:10.1017/S0023879100017155. S2CID 252749746.
  19. ^ Fox, Elizabeth, and Fox, de Cardona and Waisbord, Silvio Ricardo. Latin Politics, Global Media. 2002, p. 154
  20. ^ Hough, Peter. Understanding Global Security. 2008, pp. 79–80
  21. ^ "Ex-President's Trial a Moment of Truth". Fox News. 8 December 2007. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  22. ^ Fujimori's controversial career Archived 10 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 18 September 2000. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
  23. ^ "Peru court sentences Fujimori to 25 years in prison for 'dirty war'". CBC News. 7 April 2009. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  24. ^ Velásquez Villalba, Fernando (2022). "A totalidade Neoliberal–Fujimorista: Estigmatização e colonialidade no Peru contemporâneo". Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais. 37 (109): e3710906. doi:10.1590/3710906/2022. S2CID 251877338. terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social
  25. ^ Jo-Marie Burt. 2006 "Quien habla es terrorista": the political use of fear in Fujimori's Peru. Latin American Research Review 41(3):32–61
  26. ^ "Mass sterilization scandal shocks Peru". BBC News. 24 July 2002. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2006.
  27. ^ Conditional release for Fujimori Archived 27 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 18 May 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
  28. ^ Extradited Fujimori back in Peru Archived 14 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine 22 September 2007.
  29. ^ Fujimori jailed for abusing power Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
  30. ^ Corte Suprema de la República. 10 December 2008. Resolution 17-2008 Archived 25 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ^ Peru's Ex-President Gets 6 Years for Illicit Search Archived 22 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
  32. ^ Emery, Alex (15 April 2008). "Peru Supreme Court Upholds Former President's Prison Sentence". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  33. ^ Emery, Alex. Peru's Fujimori Found Guilty on Human Rights Charges Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg News, 7 April 2009. Accessed 7 April 2009.
  34. ^ "Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison". Reuters. 7 April 2009. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  35. ^ Fujimori declared guilty of human rights abuses Archived 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine (Spanish).
  36. ^ "Peru court finds ex-president Fujimori guilty". Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  37. ^ Partlow, Joshua (8 April 2009). "Fujimori gets 25 years on conviction in human rights case". Boston.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
  38. ^ Fujimori convicted of corruption Archived 16 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, BBC.com, 20 July 2009
  39. ^ Fujimori pleads guilty to bribery Archived 28 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine, BBC.com, 28 September 2009
  40. ^ McMillan, John; Zoido, Pablo (Autumn 2004). "How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 18 (4): 69. doi:10.1257/0895330042632690. hdl:10419/76612. S2CID 219372153.
  41. ^ Global Corruption Report 2004 Archived 13 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Transparency International, 25 March 2004. Accessed 26 September 2006.
  42. ^ "Peru's Fujimori, already jailed, slapped with another prison term". Reuters. 2015. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  43. ^ "Peru's ex-leader Fujimori asks for forgiveness amid heated protests". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  44. ^ "Thousands of Peruvians march against Fujimori pardon". Reuters. 28 December 2017. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  45. ^ Collyns, Dan (3 October 2018). "Peru's high court overturns pardon of former strongman Fujimori". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  46. ^ "Peru's Fujimori, pardon annulled, forced back to prison". Reuters. 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  47. ^ "Peru Supreme Court keeps Fujimori in jail". The West Australian. 13 February 2019. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  48. ^ "Peruvian court approves prison release of ex-president Alberto Fujimori". The Guardian. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  49. ^ "Inter-American Court orders Peru not to release Fujimori from prison". Reuters. 9 April 2022. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  50. ^ "Peru court orders imprisoned ex-President Fujimori's 'immediate' release". Reuters. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.

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